Although the kernel must provide IPC in order to provide access to the facilities provided by each other, kernels must also provide running programs with a method to make requests to access these facilities. These implementations may be located within the kernel itself or the kernel can also rely on other processes it is running. Kernels also provide methods for synchronization and inter-process communication (IPC). Key aspects necessary in resource management are defining the execution domain ( address space) and the protection mechanism used to mediate access to the resources within a domain. The kernel allocates requests from applications to perform I/O to an appropriate device and provides convenient methods for using the device (typically abstracted to the point where the application does not need to know implementation details of the device). I/O devices include such peripherals as keyboards, mice, disk drives, printers, USB devices, network adapters, and display devices. The kernel is responsible for deciding which memory each process can use, and determining what to do when not enough memory is available. Often multiple programs will want access to memory, frequently demanding more memory than the computer has available. Typically, both need to be present in memory in order for a program to execute. Random-access memory (RAM) is used to store both program instructions and data.
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